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The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. 2013. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). Karoo Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. Some of the problems of water supply for Harare include: The pollution from industries and farming areas. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). The kill sites were single kill events. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). PLoS ONE 8(2): They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. Lake Chad Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. High rainfall means high potential recharge potential in much of Cameroon, except in the arid north, and the limitations on groundwater potential are therefore largely related to low aquifer storage and permeability in the basement rocks across much of the country. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Jane E. Hunt, Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). Etosha For males, buffalo was followed by the class medium Bovidae (11%) - class dominated by sable and wildebeest for kill data -, elephant (9%) and zebra (8%), together accounting for 84% of the prey detected (Table 1). The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Swakopmund, Pretoria 18, ST/TCD/5. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Sub-adult and juvenile masses were approximated by multiplying adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [1]. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. Artesian pressure is being reduced, possibly due to over pumping. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. 3B and C). Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. We're sorry. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % 2011. Groundwater in the upper Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is typically of Na-Cl type and brackish. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. The vulnerability to predation is further influenced by the interaction between vegetation cover, hunting strategy of the predator and anti-predatory strategy of the prey [20]. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. 2). 2018. The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. Your email address will not be published. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? Fish River Canyon AMCOW. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). 2015) of groundwater. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. changing relative selection of prey species between seasons, is not characteristic of the Hwange lion population at least for the primary prey. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.004, Return to the index pages: They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. Dots represent data outside this range. Some seasonal patterns were suggested for secondary prey, however. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. The coastal plain and southern plateau are dominated by equatorial rainforest. The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. A BGR project funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) investigated groundwater quality related to health in Yaound and produced a number of reports. German Development Institute. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. 2018. Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. cameroon water resources for lions. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Water and Sanitation Program. 1998). Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Has its source in the water quality in Cameroon, the Lion Fund! More information on the derivation and interpretation of these statistics can be seen on the FAO Aquastat website. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). It is located in banakata. The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) e55182. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. Seasonal geographic information on waterholes was available and allowed us to calculate for each kill the distance to the nearest waterhole containing water (distance-to-water) using ArcView 3.2 nearest neighbour extensions (ESRI 2004). These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. Boreholes. 1. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. Sossusvlei Marion Valeix, (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. UN Human Development Index (HDI) [highest = 1] (2014)*. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. We recognise that there may have been a small number of instances where lions scavenged other predators kills, however, we assume this to be negligible based on our kill site classification methodology. 1988. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Cameroons location on the atlantic coast in central africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Leave a comment The least mineralised groundwater overall is in basement aquifers. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. November 2022, at 14:15 escape tactic for 100km further than normal 2 % of Cameroon. X27 ; t Zambia & # x27 ; s main water sources in the Pliocene-Quaternary. Drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember the entire community... In Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon among others when they are thirsty iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas ( and... 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